Wovoka was the energy behind the Ghost Dance. He was the self proclaimed Messiah come to save the people. He had a couple near death experiences, in which he dreamed of powers. The second near death experience he woke up saying the Whites had rejected Christ, and now he was come back and he was the Messiah.
Wovoka had learned much of the idea from the spiritual leader,
John Slocum, founder of the Indian Shaker Church, while he was working as a migrant worker in the Northwest. Slocum had a near death experience, and woke up talking of a dream he had. Also his father, Tovibo had been a religious leader. Very likely Tovibo had learned the Ghost Dance from its originator Wodziwob. Tovibo was a visionary man and prophesied the destruction of the whites. Wovoka's father died when Wovoka was young, and Wovoka was taken in by a white family. Thus his American name, Jack Wilson. Wovoka was familiar with Christianity. When
Wovoka returned from his second near death experience, trance, his vision told him that deceased Indians, and those alive would rise together, the earth would be flooded killing all the whites, and then the Indians would inherit an earth with lots of game and happiness. When Wovoka expressed his beliefs it was one of peace.
To bring these changes, the people needed to do the Ghost Dance. This was basically a round dance. As they danced they would chant, "Father, I come; Mother, I come; Brother, I come; Father, give us back our arrows.
The movement of Wodziwob remained local. However with Wovoka's movement it spread to the Plains Indians. They were looking for relief from reservation life. Emissaries traveled from the Sioux to visit Wovoka. Soon there were 50,000-60,000 adherents. Many of the subgroups took the basic tenants and forgot the peaceful part. They were interested in the garment that would stop bullets, and the reunion with their dead who would them help them battle the whites. Thus the dance was alarming to those watching the Sioux reservations, thinking it would lead to an uprise.
The Mormons were blamed for the unrest. General Nelson Miles reported:
Many nations had gone west to Nevada and had been shown somebody disguised as
the Messiah .. . I am inclined to believe that there is more than one person impersonating
this Messiah . . . [because] when [the] Sioux have spoken with him, he has
replied in the Sioux language, and to Blackfeet he has spoken their tongue, and so on.
I cannot say positively, but it is my belief the Mormons are the prime movers in all
this. .. . It will [probably not] lead to an outbreak, but when an ignorant race of
people become religious fanatics it is hard to tell just what they will do" (New York
Times, 8 Nov. 1890, Deseret News, 7. Nov. 1890).
After the battle of Wounded Knee Wovoka was devastated at the result. His religion quickly fell out of favor and Wovoka spent the rest of his life in relative anonymity.
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| Short Bull (left) and Kicking Bear |
Short Bull was a contemporary of Crazy Horse. They grew up together. He had been at the Battle of Little Big Horn. In the 1880s, the life were American Indians on the reservations was miserable. Promised food stuffs and other supplies were not funded, or did not arrive. In this atmosphere, Short Bull was part a contingent of eleven Sioux to visit with Wovoka. They returned with glowing reports, but focused on the destruction of the whites and the wearing of ghost shirts for protection from bullets. Short Bull was one of the Sioux prophets of the movement.
Kicking Bear after hearing the report form Short Bull, became an apostle of the movement among the Sioux. Expecting negative reactions, he focused on teaching of the ghost shirt which would protect the wearer from bullets.
Red Cloud did not announce any official feelings on the dance, and people took this as acceptance. Sitting Bull was asked to put a stop to the dances, but did not feel he should interfere with the expression of others. This lead to his arrest, and murder while he was being arrested.
Sitting Bull's people fled to the camp of Big Foot. They were followed by the calvary, and this lead to the Wounded Knee Massacre. Big Foot was killed.
Crow Dog was also a big proponent of the Ghost Dance. He had been present when Crazy Horse was killed, and had kept the Indians from retaliating. He was one of the last hold outs after the massacre. He returned to the Rose Bud Reservation. Crow Dog was also known for murdering a political opponent, Spotted Tail.
Hump had been at Little Big Horn. He attempted to join Sitting Bull in Canada, but turned back to the Cheyenne reservation. He was a big advocate of the ghost dance, practicing with Big Foot. However he knew things were going to get ugly, so took his people and left. After Wounded Knee he went to Washington to advocate for better conditions for his people.
Two Strike, so called because he knocked to men down with one blow was a prominent leader of the Brule Sioux. He participated in Red Cloud's war, attack the Union Pacific. He became an advocate of the Ghost Dance, but after being advised by whites he gave it up a month before Wounded Knee.
Wooden Leg was Cheyenne. He too become part of the Ghost Dance movement. He wrote an autobiography which talked about major historical events, and the struggle to adjust to the reservation system, especially the limit of just one wife.
Young Man Afraid of His Horses, so called because he was so brave even his horses instilled fear in his enemy, warned against the Ghost Dance. He tried unsuccessfully to warn his people. He was able to negotiate better treatment for his people after Wounded Knee.
Red Cloud Oglala Sioux: Red Cloud resisted European Westward expansion, and then when he saw that it was inevitable he helped his people adjust to the new way of life. As a young man he went on war parties against the Crow, Ute and Pawnee. He took his first scalp at age sixteen. His exploits were well known, killing four in one battle, and capturing 50 ponies in another. He was involved in an incident where he killed the leader of the Koya Band of Oglala which lead to a split with the Bad Face or Old Smoke Band to which Red Cloud belonged. Over the years there was a greater and greater White presence, rail roads, telegraph wires and pioneers. Gold was discovered in the Montana area. When forts were built to defend the Bozeman Trail the Sioux and Cheyenne finally had too much. Some Sioux agreed to the forts, but Red Cloud held out. 
This lead to what later became known as Red Cloud's War. He and his man almost completely closed travel on the trail. He gained victory over Captain William J. Fetterman and 82 soldiers were killed. This was the worst defeat for the U.S. on the plains until Little Big Horn. The U.S. government dealt with Red Cloud as the head chief of the Sioux, although he was not. Red Cloud hoped to gain a permanent reservation and withdrawal of troops on Sioux lands. He felt this was better policy than the extermination of the Indians which some Whites proposed. A reservation was granted, but then gold was discovered on part of the reservation. This lead to the Sioux War of 1876-77. Red Cloud cautiously talked against this conflict.
Red Cloud lived in a tumultuous period. The economic system of the Sioux was totally disruptive with the over=hunting and demise of the buffalo. On the reservation, there were continued efforts to destroy traditional culture. In this environment Red Cloud tried to balance his response. There were political conflicts with Indian agents. However there was also negative talk from Indians thinking he had given too much, or was too accommodating to Whites. During the Ghost Dance Movement, his silence was interpreted as acceptance. He was balancing on a tight rope. He was not able to satisfy everyone. 
